wooden-barrel

Source

"""Game-ready wooden barrel — a showcase piece, not an example.

Asserts budget conformance of a procedural staved barrel (tight staves
with seeded width jitter, heads seated in a croze, iron hoops lofted on
the stave faces, a bung) after composing shipped pipeline pieces: bmesh
construction, UVs, two materials, high-to-low normal bake, LOD chain,
convex collider, Unity glTF export.

The old piece was a 12-gon with 5 mm daylight between identical staves
and circular capped-cylinder hoops that floated off every stave face.

Budgets are declared below and recomputed from the generated result.
They are not API-contract witnesses. Each falsifier violates one named
budget: ``--skip-decimate`` the LOD-ratio band, ``--stray-vert`` mesh
hygiene, ``--lift-z`` grounded zmin, ``--short-staves`` named stave
supports, ``--float-head`` head-croze joint-fit, ``--round-band`` hoop
seat (hoop generated on a circle instead of the stave chords).

Fixed seed 17 for stave-width jitter. DECIMATE COLLAPSE triangle counts
are not byte-identical across Blender versions — the LOD gate is a
ratio band, not an exact count.

    blender --background --python wooden_barrel.py --
    blender --background --python wooden_barrel.py -- --skip-decimate
    blender --background --python wooden_barrel.py -- --output barrel.png
"""
import argparse
import math
import os
import random
import sys
import tempfile
import traceback

import bmesh
import bpy
from mathutils import Vector
from mathutils.bvhtree import BVHTree

_REPO = os.path.abspath(
    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), os.pardir, os.pardir)
)
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(_REPO, "examples"))
sys.dont_write_bytecode = True
import gallery_framing  # noqa: E402

# Wine-cask scale: 88 cm tall, 72 cm at the bulge.
HEIGHT = 0.88
R_END = 0.27
R_MID = 0.36
N_STAVES = 20
STAVE_THICK = 0.028
N_RINGS = 8
STAVE_SEED = 17
STAVE_JITTER = 0.08
GAP_M = 0.0012
HOOP_ZS = (0.085, 0.255, 0.625, 0.795)
HOOP_H = 0.030
HOOP_PROUD = 0.007
HOOP_BITE = 0.003
HOOP_CHAMFER = 0.003
HOOP_BITE_MIN = 0.0012
HOOP_BITE_MAX = 0.008
LID_T = 0.028
CHIME = 0.014
CROZE_BITE = 0.003
HEAD_GAP_MAX = 0.010
BUNG_Z = 0.44
BUNG_R = 0.022
BUNG_SEGS = 24
STAVE_ZMIN_MAX = 0.001
SHORT_STAVES_LIFT = 0.045
LIFT_Z = 0.05
AREA_EPS = 1e-10
DOUBLES_EPS = 1e-5
ZMIN_EPS = 1e-4
ZFIGHT_EPS = 1e-4
ZFIGHT_COS = 0.998
BODY_TOL = 0.04
BODY_DIA = 0.714
BODY_H = 0.880
BBOX_TOL = 0.015
OUTER_SIZE = (0.722, 0.714, 0.880)

BASE_TRIS_MIN = 6000
BASE_TRIS_MAX = 8500
LOD1_RATIO_MIN = 0.32
LOD1_RATIO_MAX = 0.62
LOD2_RATIO_MIN = 0.10
LOD2_RATIO_MAX = 0.35
LOD1_TARGET = 0.50
LOD2_TARGET = 0.22
MATERIAL_COUNT = 2
WOOD_FACES_MIN = 400
METAL_FACES_MIN = 200
UV_EPS = 1e-4
UV_OVERLAP_MAX = 1e-5
COLLIDER_TRIS_MAX = 400
BAKE_RES = 256
CAGE_EXTRUSION = 0.05
STAVE_COUNT = N_STAVES

WOOD_IDX = 0
METAL_IDX = 1


def eevee_engine_id():
    return "BLENDER_EEVEE" if bpy.app.version >= (5, 0, 0) else "BLENDER_EEVEE_NEXT"


def fail(msg, code):
    print(f"ERROR: {msg}", file=sys.stderr)
    return code


def triangle_count(mesh):
    mesh.calc_loop_triangles()
    return len(mesh.loop_triangles)


def evaluated_triangle_count(obj):
    depsgraph = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
    eval_obj = obj.evaluated_get(depsgraph)
    eval_mesh = eval_obj.to_mesh()
    try:
        eval_mesh.calc_loop_triangles()
        return len(eval_mesh.loop_triangles)
    finally:
        eval_obj.to_mesh_clear()


def radius_at(z):
    return R_END + (R_MID - R_END) * math.sin(math.pi * z / HEIGHT)


def stave_spans(n, gap_ang, jitter, seed):
    rng = random.Random(seed)
    weights = [1.0 + rng.uniform(-jitter, jitter) for _ in range(n)]
    total = sum(weights)
    usable = 2.0 * math.pi - n * gap_ang
    spans = []
    a = 0.0
    for w in weights:
        width = usable * (w / total)
        spans.append((a, a + width))
        a += width + gap_ang
    return spans


def host_outer_r(u, z, spans, round_band):
    """Radial distance of the outer stave face at angle u.

    One function owns the surface. The hoop, the head croze and the
    assertions all evaluate it. ``round_band`` is the falsifier: a circle
    of ``radius_at(z)`` instead of the stave chord, which is what made
    the old cylinder float off every flat.
    """
    r = radius_at(z)
    if round_band:
        return r
    u = u % (2.0 * math.pi)
    for a0, a1 in spans:
        if a0 - 1e-9 <= u <= a1 + 1e-9:
            mid = 0.5 * (a0 + a1)
            half = 0.5 * (a1 - a0)
            den = math.cos(u - mid)
            if abs(den) < 1e-4:
                return r * math.cos(half)
            return r * math.cos(half) / den
    return r


def loft_cyclic(bm, sections, mat_idx):
    vert_rings = [[bm.verts.new(p) for p in s] for s in sections]
    m = len(vert_rings)
    n = len(vert_rings[0])
    faces = []
    for k in range(m):
        a = vert_rings[k]
        b = vert_rings[(k + 1) % m]
        for i in range(n):
            j = (i + 1) % n
            face = bm.faces.new((a[i], a[j], b[j], b[i]))
            face.material_index = mat_idx
            faces.append(face)
    return [v for ring in vert_rings for v in ring], faces


def fan_cap(bm, ring, mat_idx, flip=False):
    center = Vector((0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
    for v in ring:
        center += v.co
    center /= len(ring)
    hub = bm.verts.new(center)
    faces = []
    n = len(ring)
    for i in range(n):
        vs = (hub, ring[i], ring[(i + 1) % n])
        if flip:
            vs = (hub, vs[2], vs[1])
        face = bm.faces.new(vs)
        face.material_index = mat_idx
        faces.append(face)
    return hub, faces


def croze_xy(spans, z, bite, shrink=0.0):
    """Head outline = inner stave chords plus croze bite.

    A circle leaves a triangular slot at every stave joint. Sampling
    each stave at both edges and the mid-face, then connecting in
    order, makes the head follow the same host as the hoops.
    """
    pts = []
    for a0, a1 in spans:
        for u in (a0, 0.5 * (a0 + a1), a1):
            r = host_outer_r(u, z, spans, False) - STAVE_THICK + bite - shrink
            pts.append((r * math.cos(u), r * math.sin(u)))
    return pts


def add_polygon_disk(bm, z0, z1, xy_ring, mat_idx):
    rings = []
    for z in (z0, z1):
        ring = [bm.verts.new((x, y, z)) for x, y in xy_ring]
        rings.append(ring)
    a, b = rings
    n = len(xy_ring)
    for i in range(n):
        j = (i + 1) % n
        face = bm.faces.new((a[i], a[j], b[j], b[i]))
        face.material_index = mat_idx
    fan_cap(bm, a, mat_idx, flip=True)
    fan_cap(bm, b, mat_idx, flip=False)


def add_bung(bm, u, z, spans):
    r_out = host_outer_r(u, z, spans, False)
    cu, su = math.cos(u), math.sin(u)
    radial = Vector((cu, su, 0.0))
    origin = radial * (r_out - STAVE_THICK * 0.45)
    geo = bmesh.ops.create_cone(
        bm,
        cap_ends=True,
        cap_tris=True,
        segments=BUNG_SEGS,
        radius1=BUNG_R,
        radius2=BUNG_R * 0.92,
        depth=STAVE_THICK + 0.018,
    )
    verts = list(geo["verts"])
    quat = Vector((0.0, 0.0, 1.0)).rotation_difference(radial)
    rot = quat.to_matrix()
    for v in verts:
        v.co = rot @ v.co + origin + Vector((0.0, 0.0, z))
    faces = {f for v in verts for f in v.link_faces}
    for f in faces:
        f.material_index = WOOD_IDX
    return verts


def build_hoops(bm, spans, round_band):
    faces_all = []
    for z_mid in HOOP_ZS:
        z0 = z_mid - HOOP_H * 0.5
        z1 = z_mid + HOOP_H * 0.5
        c = HOOP_CHAMFER
        sections = []
        samples = []
        for a0, a1 in spans:
            samples.append(a0)
            samples.append(0.5 * (a0 + a1))
            samples.append(a1)
        for u in samples:
            cu, su = math.cos(u), math.sin(u)
            r0 = host_outer_r(u, z0, spans, round_band)
            r1 = host_outer_r(u, z1, spans, round_band)
            profile = (
                (r0 - HOOP_BITE, z0),
                (r0 + HOOP_PROUD - c, z0),
                (r0 + HOOP_PROUD, z0 + c),
                (r1 + HOOP_PROUD, z1 - c),
                (r1 + HOOP_PROUD - c, z1),
                (r1 - HOOP_BITE, z1),
            )
            sections.append([Vector((r * cu, r * su, z)) for r, z in profile])
        _verts, faces = loft_cyclic(bm, sections, METAL_IDX)
        faces_all.extend(faces)
    return faces_all


def build_staves(bm, spans, z0, bevel_offset, bevel_segments):
    zs = [HEIGHT * i / (N_RINGS - 1) for i in range(N_RINGS)]
    stave_verts = []
    for a0, a1 in spans:
        outer = []
        inner = []
        for z in zs:
            r = radius_at(z)
            ov = (
                bm.verts.new((r * math.cos(a0), r * math.sin(a0), z0 + z)),
                bm.verts.new((r * math.cos(a1), r * math.sin(a1), z0 + z)),
            )
            ri = r - STAVE_THICK
            iv = (
                bm.verts.new((ri * math.cos(a0), ri * math.sin(a0), z0 + z)),
                bm.verts.new((ri * math.cos(a1), ri * math.sin(a1), z0 + z)),
            )
            outer.append(ov)
            inner.append(iv)
            stave_verts.extend(ov)
            stave_verts.extend(iv)
        for k in range(N_RINGS - 1):
            o0a, o0b = outer[k]
            o1a, o1b = outer[k + 1]
            i0a, i0b = inner[k]
            i1a, i1b = inner[k + 1]
            for vs in (
                (o0a, o1a, o1b, o0b),
                (i0b, i1b, i1a, i0a),
                (o0a, i0a, i1a, o1a),
                (o0b, o1b, i1b, i0b),
            ):
                face = bm.faces.new(vs)
                face.material_index = WOOD_IDX
        top = bm.faces.new((outer[-1][0], outer[-1][1], inner[-1][1], inner[-1][0]))
        top.material_index = WOOD_IDX
        bot = bm.faces.new((outer[0][1], outer[0][0], inner[0][0], inner[0][1]))
        bot.material_index = WOOD_IDX
    if bevel_offset > 0.0:
        long_edges = []
        seen = set()
        for v in stave_verts:
            for e in v.link_edges:
                if e in seen:
                    continue
                seen.add(e)
                a, b = e.verts
                if abs(a.co.z - b.co.z) > 0.02:
                    long_edges.append(e)
        if long_edges:
            bmesh.ops.bevel(
                bm,
                geom=long_edges,
                offset=bevel_offset,
                segments=bevel_segments,
                profile=0.5,
                affect="EDGES",
                clamp_overlap=True,
            )
    return stave_verts


def triangulate_ngons(bm):
    faces = [f for f in bm.faces if len(f.verts) > 4]
    if faces:
        bmesh.ops.triangulate(bm, faces=faces)


def pack_uvs(bm, margin=0.08):
    uv = bm.loops.layers.uv.new("UVMap")
    faces = list(bm.faces)
    n = len(faces)
    cols = max(1, math.ceil(math.sqrt(n)))
    rows = max(1, math.ceil(n / cols))
    cell_w = 1.0 / cols
    cell_h = 1.0 / rows
    pad_u = margin * cell_w * 0.5
    pad_v = margin * cell_h * 0.5
    usable_w = cell_w - 2.0 * pad_u
    usable_h = cell_h - 2.0 * pad_v
    for i, face in enumerate(faces):
        col = i % cols
        row = i // cols
        nrm = face.normal
        ax, ay, az = abs(nrm.x), abs(nrm.y), abs(nrm.z)
        coords = []
        for loop in face.loops:
            co = loop.vert.co
            if az >= ax and az >= ay:
                coords.append((co.x, co.y))
            elif ax >= ay:
                coords.append((co.y, co.z))
            else:
                coords.append((co.x, co.z))
        xs = [c[0] for c in coords]
        ys = [c[1] for c in coords]
        minx, maxx = min(xs), max(xs)
        miny, maxy = min(ys), max(ys)
        dx = max(maxx - minx, 1e-8)
        dy = max(maxy - miny, 1e-8)
        origin_u = col * cell_w + pad_u
        origin_v = row * cell_h + pad_v
        for loop, (x, y) in zip(face.loops, coords):
            loop[uv].uv = (
                origin_u + (x - minx) / dx * usable_w,
                origin_v + (y - miny) / dy * usable_h,
            )


def build_barrel_mesh(
    name,
    bevel_offset,
    bevel_segments,
    short_staves=False,
    float_head=False,
    round_band=False,
):
    bm = bmesh.new()
    gap_ang = GAP_M / R_MID
    spans = stave_spans(N_STAVES, gap_ang, STAVE_JITTER, STAVE_SEED)
    z0 = SHORT_STAVES_LIFT if short_staves else 0.0
    try:
        build_staves(bm, spans, z0, bevel_offset, bevel_segments)
        shrink = 0.028 if float_head else 0.0
        bot_z0 = CHIME
        bot_z1 = CHIME + LID_T
        top_z0 = HEIGHT - CHIME - LID_T
        top_z1 = HEIGHT - CHIME
        add_polygon_disk(
            bm, bot_z0, bot_z1,
            croze_xy(spans, 0.5 * (bot_z0 + bot_z1), CROZE_BITE, shrink),
            WOOD_IDX,
        )
        add_polygon_disk(
            bm, top_z0, top_z1,
            croze_xy(spans, 0.5 * (top_z0 + top_z1), CROZE_BITE, shrink),
            WOOD_IDX,
        )
        add_bung(bm, 0.5 * (spans[0][0] + spans[0][1]), BUNG_Z, spans)
        build_hoops(bm, spans, round_band)
        triangulate_ngons(bm)
        pack_uvs(bm)
        bmesh.ops.recalc_face_normals(bm, faces=list(bm.faces))
        for face in bm.faces:
            face.smooth = True
        for edge in bm.edges:
            edge.smooth = True
            if edge.is_manifold and len(edge.link_faces) == 2:
                if edge.calc_face_angle() > math.radians(35.0):
                    edge.smooth = False
        me = bpy.data.meshes.new(name)
        bm.to_mesh(me)
        me.update()
    finally:
        bm.free()
    obj = bpy.data.objects.new(name, me)
    bpy.context.collection.objects.link(obj)
    return obj


def principled(name, color, metallic, roughness, noise_scale=0.0, wear=None):
    mat = bpy.data.materials.new(name)
    mat.use_nodes = True
    nt = mat.node_tree
    bsdf = nt.nodes["Principled BSDF"]
    bsdf.inputs["Base Color"].default_value = color
    bsdf.inputs["Metallic"].default_value = metallic
    bsdf.inputs["Roughness"].default_value = roughness
    if noise_scale > 0.0 and wear is not None:
        tex = nt.nodes.new("ShaderNodeTexNoise")
        tex.inputs["Scale"].default_value = noise_scale
        tex.inputs["Detail"].default_value = 8.0
        tex.inputs["Roughness"].default_value = 0.55
        mix = nt.nodes.new("ShaderNodeMix")
        mix.data_type = "RGBA"
        mix.inputs["A"].default_value = color
        mix.inputs["B"].default_value = wear
        fac = mix.inputs.get("Factor") or mix.inputs.get("Fac")
        nt.links.new(tex.outputs["Fac"], fac)
        nt.links.new(mix.outputs["Result"], bsdf.inputs["Base Color"])
        rmix = nt.nodes.new("ShaderNodeMix")
        rmix.data_type = "FLOAT"
        rmix.inputs["A"].default_value = roughness
        rmix.inputs["B"].default_value = min(1.0, roughness + 0.18)
        rfac = rmix.inputs.get("Factor") or rmix.inputs.get("Fac")
        nt.links.new(tex.outputs["Fac"], rfac)
        nt.links.new(rmix.outputs["Result"], bsdf.inputs["Roughness"])
    return mat


def assign_slots(obj, wood, metal):
    mats = obj.data.materials
    wanted = (wood, metal)
    for i, mat in enumerate(wanted):
        if i < len(mats):
            mats[i] = mat
        else:
            mats.append(mat)


def world_bbox(obj):
    corners = [obj.matrix_world @ Vector(c) for c in obj.bound_box]
    xs = [c.x for c in corners]
    ys = [c.y for c in corners]
    zs = [c.z for c in corners]
    return (min(xs), min(ys), min(zs), max(xs), max(ys), max(zs))


def face_area(me, poly):
    verts = [me.vertices[i].co for i in poly.vertices]
    if len(verts) < 3:
        return 0.0
    acc = Vector((0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
    origin = verts[0]
    for a, b in zip(verts[1:], verts[2:]):
        acc += (a - origin).cross(b - origin)
    return 0.5 * acc.length


def uv_stats(mesh):
    uv = mesh.uv_layers.active
    if uv is None:
        return 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0, 1.0
    data = uv.data
    us = [loop.uv[0] for loop in data]
    vs = [loop.uv[1] for loop in data]
    aabbs = []
    for poly in mesh.polygons:
        pu = [data[i].uv[0] for i in poly.loop_indices]
        pv = [data[i].uv[1] for i in poly.loop_indices]
        aabbs.append((min(pu), min(pv), max(pu), max(pv)))
    overlap = 0.0
    for i in range(len(aabbs)):
        a = aabbs[i]
        for j in range(i + 1, len(aabbs)):
            b = aabbs[j]
            x0 = max(a[0], b[0])
            y0 = max(a[1], b[1])
            x1 = min(a[2], b[2])
            y1 = min(a[3], b[3])
            overlap += max(0.0, x1 - x0) * max(0.0, y1 - y0)
    return min(us), min(vs), max(us), max(vs), overlap, len(aabbs)


def hygiene_audit(me):
    nv, ne, nf = len(me.vertices), len(me.edges), len(me.polygons)
    ngons = sum(1 for p in me.polygons if len(p.vertices) > 4)
    zero_area = sum(1 for p in me.polygons if face_area(me, p) <= AREA_EPS)
    bm = bmesh.new()
    try:
        bm.from_mesh(me)
        bm.verts.ensure_lookup_table()
        bm.edges.ensure_lookup_table()
        loose_v = sum(1 for v in bm.verts if len(v.link_edges) == 0)
        loose_e = sum(1 for e in bm.edges if len(e.link_faces) == 0)
        nonman = sum(1 for e in bm.edges if not e.is_manifold)
        ret = bmesh.ops.find_doubles(bm, verts=list(bm.verts), dist=DOUBLES_EPS)
        doubles = len(ret.get("targetmap") or {})
    finally:
        bm.free()
    return {
        "nv": nv, "ne": ne, "nf": nf, "ngons": ngons,
        "loose_v": loose_v, "loose_e": loose_e, "nonman": nonman,
        "zero_area": zero_area, "doubles": doubles, "euler": nv - ne + nf,
    }


def zfight_pairs(me):
    data = [
        (p.center.copy(), p.normal.copy(), frozenset(p.vertices))
        for p in me.polygons
    ]
    eps2 = ZFIGHT_EPS * ZFIGHT_EPS
    count = 0
    for i in range(len(data)):
        ci, ni, vi = data[i]
        for j in range(i + 1, len(data)):
            cj, nj, vj = data[j]
            if (cj - ci).length_squared > eps2:
                continue
            if abs(ni.dot(nj)) <= ZFIGHT_COS:
                continue
            if vi & vj:
                continue
            count += 1
    return count


def shells(me):
    neighbors = [[] for _ in range(len(me.vertices))]
    for edge in me.edges:
        a, b = edge.vertices
        neighbors[a].append(b)
        neighbors[b].append(a)
    seen = [False] * len(me.vertices)
    groups = []
    for start in range(len(me.vertices)):
        if seen[start]:
            continue
        seen[start] = True
        stack = [start]
        group = []
        while stack:
            current = stack.pop()
            group.append(current)
            for nxt in neighbors[current]:
                if not seen[nxt]:
                    seen[nxt] = True
                    stack.append(nxt)
        groups.append(group)
    return groups


def shell_aabb(me, group):
    pts = [me.vertices[i].co for i in group]
    return (
        min(p.x for p in pts), min(p.y for p in pts), min(p.z for p in pts),
        max(p.x for p in pts), max(p.y for p in pts), max(p.z for p in pts),
    )


def mat_of(me, group):
    member = set(group)
    for p in me.polygons:
        if all(i in member for i in p.vertices):
            return p.material_index
    return None


def support_audit(me):
    groups = shells(me)
    staves = []
    for g in groups:
        if mat_of(me, g) != WOOD_IDX:
            continue
        a = shell_aabb(me, g)
        dz = a[5] - a[2]
        if dz > 0.50:
            staves.append(a)
    stave_z = min((a[2] for a in staves), default=99.0)
    return {"staves": len(staves), "stave_z": stave_z}


def hoop_seat(me, spans):
    groups = shells(me)
    bites = []
    for g in groups:
        if mat_of(me, g) != METAL_IDX:
            continue
        a = shell_aabb(me, g)
        dx, dy, dz = a[3] - a[0], a[4] - a[1], a[5] - a[2]
        if dz > 0.08 or max(dx, dy) < 0.40:
            continue
        rs = [math.hypot(me.vertices[i].co.x, me.vertices[i].co.y) for i in g]
        for i, r in zip(g, rs):
            p = me.vertices[i].co
            u = math.atan2(p.y, p.x)
            host = host_outer_r(u, p.z, spans, False)
            if r > host + 0.0005:
                continue
            bites.append(host - r)
    if not bites:
        return 0.05, 0.05
    return min(bites), max(bites)


def head_gap(me, spans):
    groups = shells(me)
    heads, staves = [], []
    for g in groups:
        if mat_of(me, g) != WOOD_IDX:
            continue
        a = shell_aabb(me, g)
        dz = a[5] - a[2]
        r = 0.25 * ((a[3] - a[0]) + (a[4] - a[1]))
        if dz < 0.06 and r > 0.15:
            heads.append(g)
        elif dz > 0.50:
            staves.append(g)
    if not heads or not staves:
        return 99.0
    bm_s = bmesh.new()
    try:
        bm_s.from_mesh(me)
        keep = set()
        for g in staves:
            keep.update(g)
        drop = [f for f in bm_s.faces if not all(v.index in keep for v in f.verts)]
        if drop:
            bmesh.ops.delete(bm_s, geom=drop, context="FACES")
        if not bm_s.faces:
            return 99.0
        tree = BVHTree.FromBMesh(bm_s)
        worst = 0.0
        for g in heads:
            a = shell_aabb(me, g)
            if a[2] > 0.2:
                continue
            rmax = max(math.hypot(me.vertices[i].co.x, me.vertices[i].co.y) for i in g)
            for i in g:
                p = me.vertices[i].co
                if math.hypot(p.x, p.y) < 0.90 * rmax:
                    continue
                loc, _n, _i, dist = tree.find_nearest(p)
                if loc is None:
                    continue
                worst = max(worst, dist)
        return worst
    finally:
        bm_s.free()


def body_plan(me):
    groups = shells(me)
    xs, ys, z0s, z1s = [], [], [], []
    for g in groups:
        if mat_of(me, g) != WOOD_IDX:
            continue
        a = shell_aabb(me, g)
        if a[5] - a[2] < 0.50:
            continue
        xs.extend((a[0], a[3]))
        ys.extend((a[1], a[4]))
        z0s.append(a[2])
        z1s.append(a[5])
    if not xs:
        return 0.0, 0.0
    dia = 0.5 * ((max(xs) - min(xs)) + (max(ys) - min(ys)))
    return dia, max(z1s) - min(z0s)


def add_stray_vert(me):
    bm = bmesh.new()
    try:
        bm.from_mesh(me)
        bm.verts.new((0.0, 0.0, HEIGHT * 0.5))
        bm.to_mesh(me)
        me.update()
    finally:
        bm.free()


def make_lod(obj, name, ratio, skip_decimate):
    mesh = obj.data.copy()
    lod = bpy.data.objects.new(name, mesh)
    lod.matrix_world = obj.matrix_world.copy()
    bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(lod)
    if not skip_decimate and 0.0 < ratio < 1.0:
        mod = lod.modifiers.new("DecimateBudget", "DECIMATE")
        mod.decimate_type = "COLLAPSE"
        mod.ratio = ratio
    return lod


def convex_hull_collider(obj, name):
    mesh = bpy.data.meshes.new(name)
    bm = bmesh.new()
    try:
        bm.from_mesh(obj.data)
        result = bmesh.ops.convex_hull(bm, input=list(bm.verts))
        interior = result.get("geom_interior") or []
        unused = result.get("geom_unused") or []
        if interior:
            bmesh.ops.delete(bm, geom=interior, context="VERTS")
        if unused:
            bmesh.ops.delete(bm, geom=unused, context="VERTS")
        bmesh.ops.dissolve_limit(
            bm,
            angle_limit=math.radians(10.0),
            verts=list(bm.verts),
            edges=list(bm.edges),
            delimit={"NORMAL"},
        )
        bmesh.ops.triangulate(bm, faces=list(bm.faces))
        bm.to_mesh(mesh)
        mesh.update()
    finally:
        bm.free()
    collider = bpy.data.objects.new(name, mesh)
    bpy.context.collection.objects.link(collider)
    collider.matrix_world = obj.matrix_world.copy()
    return collider


def setup_bake_image(obj, target_mat, size=BAKE_RES):
    if not obj.data.uv_layers:
        return None, None
    img = bpy.data.images.new("BarrelNrm", size, size, alpha=True, float_buffer=False)
    img.colorspace_settings.name = "Non-Color"
    nodes = target_mat.node_tree.nodes
    tex = nodes.new("ShaderNodeTexImage")
    tex.image = img
    nodes.active = tex
    tex.select = True
    obj.active_material_index = WOOD_IDX
    return img, tex


def bake_normal(high, low):
    scene = bpy.context.scene
    scene.render.engine = "CYCLES"
    scene.cycles.device = "CPU"
    scene.cycles.samples = 1
    scene.cycles.use_denoising = False
    for ob in bpy.context.view_layer.objects:
        ob.select_set(False)
    high.select_set(True)
    low.select_set(True)
    bpy.context.view_layer.objects.active = low
    return bpy.ops.object.bake(
        type="NORMAL",
        use_selected_to_active=True,
        cage_extrusion=CAGE_EXTRUSION,
        use_cage=False,
        normal_space="TANGENT",
        margin=4,
        margin_type="ADJACENT_FACES",
        use_clear=True,
        target="IMAGE_TEXTURES",
    )


def export_unity(path, objects):
    for ob in bpy.context.view_layer.objects:
        ob.select_set(False)
    for ob in objects:
        ob.select_set(True)
    bpy.context.view_layer.objects.active = objects[0]
    bpy.ops.export_scene.gltf(
        filepath=path,
        use_selection=True,
        export_yup=True,
        export_apply=True,
        export_draco_mesh_compression_enable=False,
        export_animations=False,
    )


def check(
    skip_decimate,
    lift_z=False,
    stray_vert=False,
    short_staves=False,
    float_head=False,
    round_band=False,
):
    bpy.ops.wm.read_factory_settings(use_empty=True)
    flags = dict(
        short_staves=short_staves,
        float_head=float_head,
        round_band=round_band,
    )
    low = build_barrel_mesh("BarrelLow", 0.004, 2, **flags)
    high = build_barrel_mesh("BarrelHigh", 0.004, 4, **flags)
    wood = principled(
        "BarrelWood", (0.48, 0.22, 0.07, 1.0), 0.0, 0.50,
        noise_scale=7.0, wear=(0.28, 0.14, 0.05, 1.0),
    )
    metal = principled(
        "BarrelHoop", (0.55, 0.53, 0.50, 1.0), 1.0, 0.28,
        noise_scale=5.0, wear=(0.35, 0.32, 0.28, 1.0),
    )
    assign_slots(low, wood, metal)
    assign_slots(high, wood, metal)
    if stray_vert:
        add_stray_vert(low.data)
    if lift_z:
        for v in low.data.vertices:
            v.co.z += LIFT_Z
        low.data.update()
        bpy.context.view_layer.update()

    if low.data is None or len(low.data.polygons) < 6:
        return fail("barrel mesh did not build", 3), None, None, None, None, None

    spans = stave_spans(N_STAVES, GAP_M / R_MID, STAVE_JITTER, STAVE_SEED)
    base_tris = triangle_count(low.data)
    mats = [s for s in low.data.materials if s is not None]
    nmat = len(mats)
    distinct_mats = len({id(s) for s in mats})
    idx_counts = {}
    for poly in low.data.polygons:
        idx_counts[poly.material_index] = idx_counts.get(poly.material_index, 0) + 1
    print(f"measured mat_index_counts={idx_counts}")
    u0, v0, u1, v1, overlap, nfaces = uv_stats(low.data)
    bb = world_bbox(low)
    size_x = bb[3] - bb[0]
    size_y = bb[4] - bb[1]
    size_z = bb[5] - bb[2]
    hyg = hygiene_audit(low.data)
    zf = zfight_pairs(low.data)
    sup = support_audit(low.data)
    bite_min, bite_max = hoop_seat(low.data, spans)
    hgap = head_gap(low.data, spans)
    dia, ht = body_plan(low.data)
    print(
        f"measured hygiene loose_v={hyg['loose_v']} loose_e={hyg['loose_e']} "
        f"nonman={hyg['nonman']} zero_area={hyg['zero_area']} "
        f"doubles={hyg['doubles']} ngons={hyg['ngons']} zfight={zf}"
    )
    print(
        f"measured staves={sup['staves']} stave_z={sup['stave_z']:.5f} "
        f"hoop_bite={bite_min:.5f}..{bite_max:.5f} head_gap={hgap:.5f} "
        f"body={dia:.4f}x{ht:.4f}"
    )

    img, tex = setup_bake_image(low, wood)
    if img is None:
        return fail("barrel has no UV layer", 3), None, None, None, None, None
    bake_result = bake_normal(high, low)

    lod1 = make_lod(low, "BarrelLOD1", LOD1_TARGET, skip_decimate)
    lod2 = make_lod(low, "BarrelLOD2", LOD2_TARGET, skip_decimate)
    bpy.context.view_layer.update()
    lod1_tris = evaluated_triangle_count(lod1)
    lod2_tris = evaluated_triangle_count(lod2)
    r1 = lod1_tris / base_tris if base_tris else 0.0
    r2 = lod2_tris / base_tris if base_tris else 0.0

    collider_src = build_barrel_mesh("BarrelColSrc", 0.0, 1)
    collider = convex_hull_collider(collider_src, "BarrelCollider")
    bpy.data.objects.remove(collider_src, do_unlink=True)
    col_tris = triangle_count(collider.data)

    export_path = os.path.join(
        tempfile.gettempdir(),
        f"bdt_wooden_barrel_{os.getpid()}.glb",
    )
    if os.path.exists(export_path):
        os.remove(export_path)
    export_unity(export_path, [low, collider])
    export_size = os.path.getsize(export_path) if os.path.isfile(export_path) else 0

    print(f"blender={tuple(bpy.app.version)} skip_decimate={skip_decimate}")
    print(
        f"measured base_tris={base_tris} lod1_tris={lod1_tris} "
        f"lod2_tris={lod2_tris} r1={r1:.4f} r2={r2:.4f}"
    )
    print(
        f"measured nmat={nmat} uv=({u0:.4f},{v0:.4f})-({u1:.4f},{v1:.4f}) "
        f"overlap={overlap:.6f} nfaces={nfaces}"
    )
    print(
        f"measured bbox=({size_x:.4f},{size_y:.4f},{size_z:.4f}) "
        f"outer={OUTER_SIZE} zmin={bb[2]:.4f}"
    )
    print(
        f"measured collider_tris={col_tris} bake={bake_result} "
        f"bake_has_data={img.has_data} export_bytes={export_size}"
    )

    if not (BASE_TRIS_MIN <= base_tris <= BASE_TRIS_MAX):
        return fail(
            f"base tris {base_tris} not in [{BASE_TRIS_MIN}, {BASE_TRIS_MAX}]",
            4,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if nmat != MATERIAL_COUNT or distinct_mats != MATERIAL_COUNT:
        return fail(
            f"material slots {nmat} distinct {distinct_mats} != {MATERIAL_COUNT}",
            5,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if idx_counts.get(WOOD_IDX, 0) < WOOD_FACES_MIN:
        return fail(
            f"wood faces {idx_counts.get(WOOD_IDX, 0)} < {WOOD_FACES_MIN}",
            5,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if idx_counts.get(METAL_IDX, 0) < METAL_FACES_MIN:
        return fail(
            f"metal hoop faces {idx_counts.get(METAL_IDX, 0)} < {METAL_FACES_MIN}",
            5,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if u0 < -UV_EPS or v0 < -UV_EPS or u1 > 1.0 + UV_EPS or v1 > 1.0 + UV_EPS:
        return fail(
            f"UVs outside 0..1: ({u0:.4f},{v0:.4f})-({u1:.4f},{v1:.4f})",
            6,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if overlap > UV_OVERLAP_MAX:
        return fail(
            f"UV AABB overlap {overlap:.6f} > {UV_OVERLAP_MAX}",
            7,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if (
        hyg["loose_v"]
        or hyg["loose_e"]
        or hyg["nonman"]
        or hyg["zero_area"]
        or hyg["doubles"]
        or hyg["ngons"]
        or zf
    ):
        return fail(
            f"hygiene loose_v={hyg['loose_v']} loose_e={hyg['loose_e']} "
            f"nonman={hyg['nonman']} zero_area={hyg['zero_area']} "
            f"doubles={hyg['doubles']} ngons={hyg['ngons']} zfight={zf} "
            "(--stray-vert is the designed fail)",
            15,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if (
        abs(bb[2]) > ZMIN_EPS
        or sup["staves"] != STAVE_COUNT
        or sup["stave_z"] > STAVE_ZMIN_MAX
    ):
        return fail(
            f"zmin {bb[2]:.6f} staves={sup['staves']} stave_z={sup['stave_z']:.5f} "
            "(--lift-z / --short-staves is the designed fail)",
            16,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if (
        abs(size_x - OUTER_SIZE[0]) > BBOX_TOL
        or abs(size_y - OUTER_SIZE[1]) > BBOX_TOL
        or abs(size_z - OUTER_SIZE[2]) > BBOX_TOL
    ):
        return fail(
            f"bbox ({size_x:.4f},{size_y:.4f},{size_z:.4f}) "
            f"off outer {OUTER_SIZE}",
            8,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if not (LOD1_RATIO_MIN <= r1 <= LOD1_RATIO_MAX):
        return fail(
            f"LOD1 ratio {r1:.4f} not in [{LOD1_RATIO_MIN}, {LOD1_RATIO_MAX}] "
            "(--skip-decimate is the designed fail)",
            9,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if not (LOD2_RATIO_MIN <= r2 <= LOD2_RATIO_MAX):
        return fail(
            f"LOD2 ratio {r2:.4f} not in [{LOD2_RATIO_MIN}, {LOD2_RATIO_MAX}]",
            9,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if col_tris > COLLIDER_TRIS_MAX:
        return fail(
            f"collider tris {col_tris} > {COLLIDER_TRIS_MAX}",
            11,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if bake_result != {"FINISHED"} or not img.has_data:
        return fail(
            f"bake failed result={bake_result} has_data={img.has_data}",
            12,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if export_size <= 0:
        return fail("export file missing or empty", 13), None, None, None, None, None
    if hgap > HEAD_GAP_MAX:
        return fail(
            f"head-croze gap {hgap:.5f} > {HEAD_GAP_MAX} "
            "(--float-head is the designed fail)",
            17,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if bite_min < HOOP_BITE_MIN or bite_max > HOOP_BITE_MAX:
        return fail(
            f"hoop bite {bite_min:.5f}..{bite_max:.5f} "
            f"outside [{HOOP_BITE_MIN}, {HOOP_BITE_MAX}] "
            "(--round-band is the designed fail)",
            18,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    if abs(dia - BODY_DIA) > BODY_TOL or abs(ht - BODY_H) > BODY_TOL:
        return fail(
            f"body plan {dia:.4f}x{ht:.4f} off {BODY_DIA}x{BODY_H}",
            19,
        ), None, None, None, None, None
    return 0, low, high, wood, tex, collider


def wire_normal(mat, tex):
    nt = mat.node_tree
    bsdf = nt.nodes["Principled BSDF"]
    nrm = nt.nodes.new("ShaderNodeNormalMap")
    nrm.inputs["Strength"].default_value = 1.0
    nt.links.new(tex.outputs["Color"], nrm.inputs["Color"])
    nt.links.new(nrm.outputs["Normal"], bsdf.inputs["Normal"])


def render_still(low, wood, _tex, path, engine):
    scene = bpy.context.scene
    for ob in list(scene.objects):
        if ob.type == "MESH" and ob != low:
            ob.hide_render = True
            ob.hide_viewport = True

    low.rotation_euler.z = math.radians(-32.0)
    low.rotation_euler.x = math.radians(4.0)

    floor_me = bpy.data.meshes.new("Floor")
    bm = bmesh.new()
    try:
        bmesh.ops.create_grid(bm, x_segments=1, y_segments=1, size=14.0)
        bm.to_mesh(floor_me)
    finally:
        bm.free()
    fmat = bpy.data.materials.new("Floor")
    fmat.use_nodes = True
    fb = fmat.node_tree.nodes["Principled BSDF"]
    fb.inputs["Base Color"].default_value = (0.03, 0.032, 0.037, 1.0)
    fb.inputs["Roughness"].default_value = 0.7
    floor_me.materials.append(fmat)
    floor = bpy.data.objects.new("Floor", floor_me)
    scene.collection.objects.link(floor)
    wall = bpy.data.objects.new("Wall", floor_me.copy())
    wall.location = (0.0, 8.5, 0.0)
    wall.rotation_euler = (math.radians(90), 0.0, 0.0)
    scene.collection.objects.link(wall)

    world = bpy.data.worlds.new("World")
    world.use_nodes = True
    world.node_tree.nodes["Background"].inputs["Color"].default_value = (
        0.02, 0.021, 0.025, 1.0,
    )
    scene.world = world

    def light(name, loc, energy, size, col, rot):
        ld = bpy.data.lights.new(name, "AREA")
        ld.energy = energy
        ld.size = size
        ld.color = col
        ob = bpy.data.objects.new(name, ld)
        ob.location = loc
        ob.rotation_euler = tuple(math.radians(a) for a in rot)
        scene.collection.objects.link(ob)

    light("Key", (-3.6, -5.0, 5.8), 680.0, 4.0, (1.0, 0.94, 0.86), (50, 0, -36))
    light("Fill", (5.0, -3.6, 2.6), 48.0, 8.0, (0.72, 0.82, 1.0), (62, 0, 50))
    light("Wedge", (2.4, 4.2, 4.1), 640.0, 5.5, (1.0, 0.70, 0.40), (-70, 0, 198))

    cam_data = bpy.data.cameras.new("Cam")
    cam_data.lens = 50.0
    cam = bpy.data.objects.new("Cam", cam_data)
    cam.location = (1.68, -2.38, 1.38)
    scene.collection.objects.link(cam)
    aim = bpy.data.objects.new("Aim", None)
    aim.location = (0.0, 0.0, HEIGHT / 2.0 + 0.02)
    scene.collection.objects.link(aim)
    con = cam.constraints.new("TRACK_TO")
    con.target = aim
    con.track_axis = "TRACK_NEGATIVE_Z"
    con.up_axis = "UP_Y"
    scene.camera = cam

    scene.render.engine = "CYCLES" if engine == "cycles" else eevee_engine_id()
    if engine == "cycles":
        scene.cycles.samples = 32
        scene.cycles.device = "CPU"
    else:
        try:
            scene.eevee.taa_render_samples = 64
        except AttributeError:
            pass
    scene.render.resolution_x = 1280
    scene.render.resolution_y = 720
    scene.render.image_settings.file_format = (
        "WEBP" if path.lower().endswith(".webp") else "PNG"
    )
    if path.lower().endswith(".webp"):
        scene.render.image_settings.quality = 90
    scene.render.filepath = path
    scene.view_settings.view_transform = "Standard"

    fcode = gallery_framing.check_framing(
        scene, cam, hero=[low], elements=[low], stage=[floor, wall],
    )
    if fcode:
        return fcode
    bpy.ops.render.render(write_still=True)
    if not (os.path.exists(path) and os.path.getsize(path) > 0):
        return fail("render produced no file", 14)
    return 0


def main():
    argv = sys.argv[sys.argv.index("--") + 1:] if "--" in sys.argv else []
    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    p.add_argument("--output", default=None)
    p.add_argument("--engine", default="eevee", choices=("eevee", "cycles"))
    p.add_argument("--skip-decimate", action="store_true")
    p.add_argument("--stray-vert", action="store_true")
    p.add_argument("--lift-z", action="store_true")
    p.add_argument("--short-staves", action="store_true")
    p.add_argument("--float-head", action="store_true")
    p.add_argument("--round-band", action="store_true")
    args = p.parse_args(argv)

    code, low, _high, wood, tex, _col = check(
        args.skip_decimate,
        lift_z=args.lift_z,
        stray_vert=args.stray_vert,
        short_staves=args.short_staves,
        float_head=args.float_head,
        round_band=args.round_band,
    )
    if code:
        return code
    if args.output:
        rcode = render_still(low, wood, tex, os.path.abspath(args.output), args.engine)
        if rcode:
            return rcode
        print(f"rendered still {args.output}")
    print("wooden-barrel OK")
    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        sys.exit(main())
    except Exception as e:
        traceback.print_exc()
        print(f"FATAL: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)